Relevance of the Human Coronary Collateral Circulation – (Historical aspects, Intersprecies comparisons, Prognostic relevance).Assessment of the Human Coronary Collateral Circulation – (Walking-through or warm-up angina pectoris, Non-invasive characterization, The coronary occlusion model, Invasive methods for qualitative and quantitative assessment). Pathogenesis of the Human Coronary Collateral Circulation – (Clinical factors influencing the development of collaterals, Genetic aspects of formation) Pre-formation of collaterals in patients with coronary artery disease and normal individuals). Functional aspects or pathophysiology of the Human Coronary Collateral Circulation – (Tolerance of the myocardium to ischemia and the role of collaterals, The acute response of collateral flow to different stimuli such as physical exercise, Handgrip exercise, cold pressor, vasoactive drugs, The phenomenon of coronary collateral steal, The interaction between collateral flow and intraventricular pressure) 'Therapeutic promotion of the Human Coronary Collateral Circulation’ – (Angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, Cytokines, proteases, growth factors, Stem cells, Physical exercise, Passive external counterpulsation)